SYLLABUS FOR 1ST PROFESSIONAL MBBS PART 1 (2017)

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SYLLABUS FOR 1ST PROFESSIONAL PART-I 2017

By Hamza Ashraf

A. ANATOMY

GENERAL ANATOMY

 1. Brief history of Anatomy. Different disciplines of the subject

2. Anatomical nomenclature-descriptive terms

3. Skeletal system-bones

• Axial skeleton

• Appendicular skeleton

• Functions of bone

• Classification on the basis of shape, development, region

and structure

• General concepts of development & ossification of

bones

• Parts of young bone

• Blood supply

• Properties of bones and cartilages

• Applied aspects

4. Joints

• Structural classification

• Regional classification

• Functional classification

• Characteristics and classification of Synovial joints

• Movements of Synovial joints

• Anatomy of joints with reference to dislocation, sprain

and inflammation

5. Muscle

• Parts of a muscle

• Classification

• Blood supply and nerve supply of muscle

• Neuromuscular junction

• Applied anatomy of muscle with reference to spasm,

paralysis, atrophy and regeneration

 6. Cardiovascular system

• Heart & Blood vessels

• Types of circulation

• Anastomoses

7. Lymphatic system

• Introduction

• Lymph capillaries

• Lymph Vessels

• Lymph nodes

• Main channels

8. Somatic Nervous system

• Introduction

• Different parts of Central Nervous System (CNS) with

their brief functions

• Peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves) —

introduction

9. Autonomic nervous system

• Introduction to parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous

system

 10. Skin and fasciae

• Parts of skin

• Appendages of skin

• Types of fasciae

11. Embalming & museum keeping

 GROSS ANATOMY

1. Upper limb

2. Lower limb

3. Thorax

 GENERAL HISTOLOGY

 • Histology will be taught concurrently with Anatomy throughout

the course. Underlying principles of histological techniques and

staining should be given due consideration. Most of teaching

will be done on stained and mounted sections and every type of

normal tissue will be covered.

1. Cell

• Cell as a whole

• Cell Membrane

• Interior of cell

• Nucleus

2. Microscopy

3. Epithelial tissues

4. Connective tissue proper

5. Cartilage

6. Bone

7. Muscular tissue

8. Nervous System

• Nervous tissue

• Cerebral cortex

• Cerebellar cortex

• Spinal cord

 9. Lymphoid organs

10. Circulatory system

11. Integumentary system

12. Routine histological techniques

 GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

Embryology should be taught with the object of making students understand and grasp those fundamental principles, which result in better comprehension of the structural organization in the body. Stress should be

laid on those developmental processes such as growth and differentiation,

which have a direct bearing on clinical subjects. The genesis of congenital

malformations should be one of the chief aims. All details should be kept on

the essential outlines.

 1. Male & female reproductive systems

2. Cell Division and Gametogenesis

3. Fertilization, cleavage, blastocyst formation and implantation

4. Development during second week

5. Development during third week

6. Embryonic period

7. Foetal period

8. Foetal membranes and Placenta

9. Introduction to genetics.

10.Teratogenesis

During study of Gross Anatomy, emphasis should be given on applied

aspect, radiological anatomy, surface anatomy and cross-sectional

anatomy.

B. BIOCHEMISTRY

 Introduction of Biochemistry:

 Biochemistry of the Cell:

a) Introduction to cell (Biochemical point of view)

b) Scientific methods to study the cell biochemistry

c) Biochemical composition of the cell

2. Biochemistry of the Cell and Body Fluids:

a) Ionization of water & weak acids, bases

b) Concept of pH, and pH scale

c) Dissociation constant & titration curve of weak acids, the

concept of pK values

d) Buffers, their mechanism of action

e) Henderson-Hesselbalch Equation (No derivation)

f) Types of particles, solution

g) Importance of selectively permeable membranes, osmosis,

osmotic pressure, surface tension, viscosity & their importance

related to body fluids

3)Carbohydrates:

a) Definition, biochemical function and classification

b) Structure and functions of Monosaccharides, and their

derivatives

c) Disaccharides, their important examples

d) Oligosaccharides, their combination with other macromolecules

e) Polysaccharides, their important examples and biochemical role

f) The biomedical importance of carbohydrates

Proteins:

a) Definitions, Biomedical importance and classification of proteins

based on

- Physiochemical properties

- Functional

- Nutritional

- Structural

b) Amino acids, their structure, properties & functions

c) Classification and nutritional significance of amino acids

d) Dissociation, titration and importance of amino acid in pH

maintenance

e) Structure of proteins and their significance

f) Separation of proteins e.g. salting out, Electrophoresis,

Chromatography, Centrifugation

g) Immunoglobulins and its biomedical significance

h) Plasma Proteins & their clinical significance

 Nucleotide & Nucleic Acid:

a) Chemistry and structure of nucleosides and their biochemical

role

b) Nucleotides, structure, their derivatives and their biochemical

role

c) Synthetic derivatives of purine and pyrimidines, their role in

health and disease

d) Nucleic acids, their types, structure and functions

Lipids:

a) Definition, biomedical function

b) Classification of lipids

c) Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Sphingolipids and their Biochemical

Significance

d) Fatty acids, chemistry, classification and biochemical function

e) Essential fatty acids

f) Eicosanoids, their classification and functions in health and

disease

g) Steroids, Sterol e.g. Cholesterol, their chemistry, functions and

clinical significance

h) lipid peroxidation and its significance

Biological Membrane:

a) Biochemical composition

b) Biochemistry of cell membrane, chemical composition,

importance of lipid and proteins in membranes, chemistry of

signals and receptors

c) Biochemistry of membrane transport mechanism, active

transport, passive transport, simple and facilitated diffusion

Enzymes:

a) Introduction, definition, mechanism of catalysis

b) Coenymes, co-factors

c) Isoenzymes, their clinical importance

d) Factors affecting enzymes activity, Michaelis-Menten Equation,

Lineweaverburk equation and their application in enzyme

kinetics (no derivation of equations)

e) Enzyme inhibitors and their classification & biomedical

importance

f) Application of enzyme in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic use

 Prophyrins & Hemoglobin:

a) Chemistry and biosynthesis of porphyrins and its disorders

(Porphyrias)

b) Structures, functions and types of haemoglobin

c) Oxygen binding capacity of haemoglobin, factors affecting and

regulating the oxygen binding capacity of haemoglobin

d) Degradation of heme, formation of Bile pigments, its types,

transport and excetion

e) Hyperbilirubinimea, their biochemical causes and

differentiation, jaundice and its types

f) Haemoglobinopathies (Hb-S, thalassaemia etc.) and their

biochemical causes.

Vitamins:

a) Introduction, classification

b) Chemistry, Biochemical Functions, Deficiency manifestations,

daily allowances and source of water soluble and fat-soluble

vitamins

c) Hypervitaminosis

Nutrition:

A)omega fatty acids

B)Rda ,DRI and related terms

C)protein energy mal nutritions

Mineral & Trace Elements:

a) Classification and Biochemical role of:

- Macro minerals (Na, K, Ca, Cl, PO4)

- Micro minerals (Fe, Zn, Mg, Se, I, Cu, Cr, Cd, Mn)

Laboratory Practicals

Introduction to use of laboratory facilities / equipments

Basic techniques and fundamental information

Preparation of solutions-Normal solution and Normal saline

Experiments on Carbohydrates qualitative analysis

Experiments on proteins-qualitative analysis

Experiments on Fats-qualitative analysis

   C. PHYSIOLOGY

 Basic Concepts & Clinical/Applied Concepts

1) General Physiology/Cell

 Functional organization of human body Abnormalities of the cell and

its organelles

2) Homeostasis

 Control systems in the body

 Cell membrane and its functions

 Intercellular Connections

 Cell organelles

 Transport through cell membrane

 Genetics

3) Blood

 Composition and General Functions

 Plasma Proteins

 Red Blood Cell (Erythropoiesis) Anaemia

 Haemoglobin & Blood Indices, Iron

metabolism, Fate of Hb.

Blood indices in various

disorders

 White Blood Cells,

Leucopoiesis,functions

Leucopaenia, Leucocytosis

 Platelets Thrombocytopaenia

 Haemostasis Clotting disorders

(Haemophilia etc.)

 Blood Groups,

Blood Transfusion & complications

Reticuloendothelial System – Spleen

Blood grouping/cross

matching & significance

Immunity

4) Nerve and muscle

 The neuron-structure & functions

 Properties of Nerve Fibres Nerve conduction studies

 Physiology of action Potential including

compound action potentials

EMG

 Conduction of Nerve Impulse, Nerve

Degeneration and regeneration

Synapses

Nerve Injury

 Structure of the Muscle

 Skeletal muscle contraction Rigor Mortis & Contractures

 Isometric and isotonic contraction

 Smooth muscle contraction

 Neuromuscular Transmission Myasthenia Gravis

 Excitation — contraction coupling Myopathies/Neuropathies

 Motor Unit

 Neuromuscular Blockers

 5)Cardiovascular system

Introduction to heart & circulation Correlation of cardiac cycle

with ECG & heart sounds

Physiology of cardiac muscle

Action potential in atrial & ventricular muscle

and pace-maker potential

Regulation of cardiac functions

Cardiac impulse-origin & propagation

Cardiac cycle – various events

Significance of Apex

beat/abnormalities

ECG-Recording & interpretation ECG interpretation in cardiac

muscle abnormalities and

cardiac arrhythmias

Arrhythmias- mechanism of development Flutter, Fibrillation-Ectopics

Functional types of blood vessels

Haemodynamics of blood flow

Local control of blood flow Conduction defects

Systemic circulation, characteristics &

control

Regulation of peripheral resistance

Arterial pulse Jugular venous pulse

Arterial blood pressure (short/long term

regulation)

Radial/other pulses

Cardiac output (regulation/measurement) Hypertension, types & effects

Heart Sounds/murmurs

Venous return & its regulation Clinical evaluation of heart

sounds and murmurs

Coronary circulation Ischemic Heart Disease

Splanchnic circulation Heart Failure

Pulmonary circulation Echocardiogram

Cerebral circulation

Cutaneous circulation- Triple response Types of shock

 Fetal circulation and readjustments at birth

Cardiovascular changes during exercise

6)Respiratory System

Organization/functions of Respiratory Tract Examination of Chest

Functions of Lungs ( respiratory & non

respiratory)

Types of respiration

(Intrapleural pressure,

pneumothorax, effusion)

Mechanics of Breathing Atelactasis

Surfactant and Compliance Lung function tests

(Spirometry)

Protective reflexes

Lung volumes and capacities Obstructive/Restrictive lung

disease (FEV1/FVC)

Dead space

Diffusion of Gases (gas laws, composition)

Ventilation/perfusion Abnormal

Ventilation/Perfusion

Transport of O2 in blood

Transport of CO2 in blood

Regulation of respiration

(Nervous/Chemical)

Respiratory failure

Abnormal breathing Asphyxia

Hypoxia-types and effects Hypoxia, cyanosis, dyspnoea

Physiology of Cyanosis Artificial respiration

Physiology of high altitude, space, deep sea

diving

Oxygen therapy

Oxygen debt Caisson’s disease

Respiratory changes during exercise

 EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY

Haematology

Study of the microscope

Determination of:

Haemoglobin (Hb%)

Erythrocyte sedimentation Rate (ESR)

Packed cell volume (PCV)/Haematocrit

Bleeding Time (BT)

Clotting Time (CT)

Blood Groups

Study of Neubauer chamber

RBCs Count

Red cell indices

WBCs Count

Differential leucocyte Count (DLC)

Osmotic fragility of RBCs

Demontration of prothrombin time and thrombin time

Respiratory System

Clinical examination of chest

Measurement of Pulmonary volumes and capacities (Spirometry)

Stethography

Cardiovascular System

Frog’s Heart

Recording of normal cardiogram and affect of temperature

Effect of drugs on cardiac contractility

Effect of Ions on cardiac contractility

Properties of cardiac muscle in frog’s heart (Demonstration)

Study of sheep’s heart

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Cold pressor test

Triple response

Examination of arterial pulse

ECG recording/interpretation

Measurement of arterial blood pressure

Effect of exercise & posture on BP

Examination of Apex Beat

Heart Sounds- auscultation of normal sounds/murmurs

Miscellaneous

Recording of body temperature